Boil the pasta: Bring a large pot of well-salted water to a boil. Cook the pasta according to package directions until al dente. Before draining, reserve 1/2 cup of the starchy pasta water.
Toast the nuts (optional but recommended): In a dry skillet over medium heat, toast pine nuts or walnuts for 2–3 minutes, stirring often, until fragrant and lightly golden.
Remove from heat to cool slightly.
Make the avocado pesto: In a blender or food processor, add avocado, basil, lemon juice, garlic, Parmesan (or vegan alternative), toasted nuts, salt, and pepper. Pulse to combine. With the motor running, stream in olive oil until the sauce is smooth and creamy.
Adjust lemon and salt to taste.
Adjust consistency: Add a splash of reserved pasta water to loosen the sauce if it’s too thick. It should be silky and spreadable, not runny.
Combine: Return the drained pasta to the pot (off the heat). Add the avocado pesto and a few tablespoons of pasta water.
Toss until the sauce coats every strand. Add more pasta water as needed to reach a glossy finish.
Finish and serve: Taste and adjust seasoning. Top with extra Parmesan, a squeeze of lemon, cracked pepper, and any add-ins like cherry tomatoes or red pepper flakes.
Serve immediately.