Warm the oil: Set a large pot over medium heat.
Add olive oil and let it shimmer.
Sauté aromatics: Add onion and a pinch of salt. Cook 5–7 minutes, stirring, until soft and lightly golden. Add garlic and cook 30 seconds until fragrant.
Bloom the spices: Stir in tomato paste, cumin, smoked paprika, red pepper flakes, and coriander.
Cook 1–2 minutes, stirring, until the paste darkens and the spices smell toasty.
Build the base: Pour in the crushed or diced tomatoes and the broth. Stir well and bring to a gentle simmer.
Add chickpeas: Stir in the chickpeas and sugar. Season with salt and black pepper.
If using bell pepper or carrot, add them now.
Simmer: Reduce heat to medium-low. Cook uncovered for 15–20 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the stew thickens and the flavors meld. Add a splash of water if it gets too thick.
Greens and finish: Stir in spinach or kale, if using, and cook 1–2 minutes until wilted.
Turn off the heat and add lemon juice. Taste and adjust salt, pepper, and heat.
Herbs and serve: Fold in chopped parsley or cilantro. Ladle into bowls and garnish with more herbs.
Serve with bread, rice, or flatbread, and a spoon of yogurt if you like.